DrAST - An attribute debugger for JastAdd

Here we present a solution for debugging compilers that use abstract-syntax trees as their internal structure. The solution focuses on capturing one specific state of the compilation process, and should not be confused with the more known step-by-step debugging. The goal is to visualize the current state of the abstract-syntax tree and present its data to the user in an intuitive and interactive way. We believe that deeper understanding of an abstract-syntax tree, and bugs in its structure, can be achieved by visualization of the tree. Few such debuggers exist today however, but with this master thesis we aim to fill this gap. The main feature of the developed tool DrAST is the ability to visualize the abstract-syntax tree. It is also possible to filter the tree, so that only nodes of interest are visualized, while the rest are gathered in what we call clusters. Further, DrAST can display attributes, draw references between nodes, calculate parameterized attributes and is built for further extension. DrAST mainly debugs compilers created in the attribute-grammar-based system JastAdd. By the use of Java reflection and annotations from the JastAdd system, the debugger is able to extract the abstract-syntax tree from a compiler without knowing the specific grammar. In short, DrAST provides a new solution in compiler debugging which can be of use for both students and professionals

OAuth versioner 1.0a och 2.0 - En säkerhetsjämförelse

In this work two versions of Oauth have been analyzed, the protocol OAuth 1.0a and the newer framework OAuth 2.0. A higher version number is often considered a good thing, but OAuth 2.0 has encountered much criticism. It has been criticised of not being safe enough while OAuth 1.0a was criticised of being very complicated protocol to implement, which has stopped it from growing as expected. The following problem is solved with OAuth: a resource owner has resources on a server. A third party would like to use some of these resources in the resource owner's name. OAuth solves this by letting the resource owner authenticates at the server and agree that the third party is authorized to access the resources that the resource owner possesses. The result of this work led to an implementation of an OAuth client to LinkedIn on PMCG Scandinavia AB's project portal. The result is an OAuth 2.0 solution that gives LinkedIn users the ability to log in to the project portal through LinkedIn. LinkedIns OAuth 2.0 solution was considered to be sufficiently safe and much easier to implement and maintain

A Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

dentification of sequence variants robustly associated with predisposition to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DKD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using eight complementary dichotomous and quantitative DKD phenotypes: the principal dichotomous analysis involved 5,717 T2D subjects, 3,345 with DKD. Promising association signals were evaluated in up to 26,827 subjects with T2D (12,710 with DKD). A combined T1D+T2D GWAS was performed using complementary data available for subjects with T1D, which, with replication samples, involved up to 40,340 subjects with diabetes (18,582 with DKD). Analysis of specific DKD phenotypes identified a novel signal near GABRR1 (rs9942471, P = 4.5 x 10(-8)) associated with microalbuminuria in European T2D case subjects. However, no replication of this signal was observed in Asian subjects with T2D or in the equivalent T1D analysis. There was only limited support, in this substantially enlarged analysis, for association at previously reported DKD signals, except for those at UMOD and PRKAG2, both associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that, despite challenges in addressing phenotypic heterogeneity, access to increased sample sizes will continue to provide more robust inference regarding risk variant discovery for DKD.Peer reviewe

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Sociomatematiska normer i två svenska och två finska algebraklassrum

Sammanfattning: Syftet med denna uppsats är att observera de sociomatematiska normer som råder i två svenska respektive två finska klassrum samt hur dessa skiljer sig från varandra. Uppsatsen söker även sprida medvetenhet om begreppet sociomatematiska normer och deras påverkan på undervisningen i matematikklassrummen. Vidare är uppsatsen ämnad att vara ett inlägg i den aktuella diskussionen om matematikundervisningen i Sverige gentemot den i Finland med anledning av resultatet i den senaste PISA- undersökningen (Skolverket, 013). Studien baseras på en kvalitativ analys av fyra videoinspelade algebralektioner i fyra olika klasser i årskurs 6 samt transkript från dessa lektioner. Två av klasserna är i Sverige och två av klasserna är i Finland. Forskningsmaterialet är hämtat ur projektet VIDEOMAT. Baserat på de sociomatematiska normer som med viss säkerhet kunnat identifieras i de fyra olika klassrummen under de observerade lektionerna görs en jämförelse där både de två ländernas klassrum och de fyra klassrummen vart och ett ställs mot varandra. Resultatet visar tydliga skillnader och likheter främst mellan de rådande sociomatematiska normerna i de två olika ländernas respektive klassrum. Där de två svenska klassrummen generellt präglas av ett relativt öppet och utforskande matematiskt klassrumsklimat och en synbar strävan från lärarnas sida att få matematiken att framstå som enkel och praktisk så präglas de två finska klassrummen snarare av mer avgränsade undervisningsmål dock med tydligare fokus på det aktuella matematiska begreppet och det givna tillvägagångssättet. Dessa skillnader mellan de sociomatematiska normerna i de två olika ländernas klassrum läggs till grund för en diskussion om möjliga konsekvenser av de olika undervisningssätten och en uppmaning till yrkesverksamma matematiklärare att granska och utmana de sociomatematiska normer som råder i deras egna klassrum.

Sekundäärituulisuojan käyttö tuulivoimamelun mittauksessa melulle altistuvassa kohteessa

Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimi konsultointiyritys WSP Finland Oy. Opinnäytetyön tavoite oli selvittää, miten sekundäärituulisuoja vaikuttaa tuulivoimamelulle altistuvan kohteen melumittauksen tulosten käsittelyprosessiin ja saatuihin tuloksiin. Osa opinnäytetyöstä koostui sekundäärituulisuojan valmistamisesta ja sen ominaisuuksien määrittämisestä kansainvälisen IEC 61400-11 (3.0) standardin mukaisesti. Opinnäytetyön tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin kolmea erilaista mittausasetelmaa: mittaus 1,5 metrin korkeudella maanpinnasta jalustalla primäärituulisuojan kanssa, mittaus maassa levyn päältä primäärituulisuojan kanssa ja mittaus maassa levyn päältä sekä primääri- että sekundäärituulisuojan kanssa. Tehtyjen mittausten tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että sekundäärituulisuojan käyttäminen tuulivoimamelun mittauksessa parantaa sekä mittaustulosten luotettavuutta että edistää tulosten käsittelyprosessia huomattavasti. Mikrofoniin kohdistuvat tuulen aiheuttamat häiriöäänet ovat merkittävästi vähäisempiä sekundäärituulisuojaa käytettäessä verrattuna kahteen muuhun käytettyyn mittaustapaan. Tuulen aiheuttamien häiriöäänten vähäisyys mittausdatassa tekee mittaustuloksesta luotettavamman ja helpottaa merkittävästi melun impulssimaisuusanalyysiä, joka tehdään mittauksen äänitallenteelle. Ilman sekundäärituulisuojaa tehtyjen mittausten äänitallenteet sisältävät runsaasti tuulen häiriöääniä, jotka WSP Finland Oy:n käytössä olevalla impulssimaisuusanalyysiohjelmalla osoittautuivat impulssimaisiksi. Tulosten käsittelyn kannalta nämä äänitason sanktioihin johtavat impulssit ja niiden aiheuttajat täytyy tunnistaa tuulivoiman tai muun lähteen aiheuttamiksi. Koska sekundäärituulisuojaa käyttäen tuulivoimalan aiheuttamasta melusta ei löydetty sanktiota aiheuttavia impulsseja, voidaan päätellä, että kahden muun mittauksen äänitallenteesta löytyvät sanktiota aiheuttavat impulssit ovat tuulen mikrofoneihin aiheuttamia häiriöääniä. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että valmistettu sekundäärituulisuoja on toimiva ja sitä tullaan jatkossakin käyttämään WSP Finland Oy:n tuulivoimamelumittauksissa. Suojan kehitystarpeena on selvittää sen lumen- ja pakkasenkestävyys sekä kestävyys pidempiaikaisissa, mahdollisesti kuukausia kestävissä, melumittauksissa. Lisäksi suojan ominaisuuksien paremmin tuntemiseksi on mahdollista koemittauksin selvittää ilmavirran nopeudet, joilla suoja ei enää estä äänitason vääristymistä tai äänisignaalin säröytymistä.This thesis was commissioned by the consultancy company WSP Finland Ltd. The aim of the thesis was to research how the use of secondary windscreen affects immission measurement of wind turbine noise. The focus was on the question, how secondary windscreen affects measurement analysis and results and how usable it is in a real wind turbine noise immission measurement. Part of this thesis was also to produce the used secondary windscreen and define its qualities according to the international IEC 61400-11 3.0 standard. The research was carried out with three different noise immission measurements: microphone and primary windscreen on a stand at 1.5-meter height, microphone on wooden measuring board with primary windscreen and microphone on wooden measuring board with primary and secondary windscreens. From the measurement results of this thesis, it can be concluded that the use of the secondary windscreen improves the reliability of the measurement results compared with the other two measurement methods. In addition, the impulsivity analysis is also a great deal of faster with the audio signal of the secondary windscreen measurement. Both results originate from the fact that without the secondary windscreen, the noise levels and the audio records contain high amounts of disturbance noises born when wind blows directly to the microphone. Low amount of wind noise makes the result more reliable since all data covered by disturbance noise is useless in the analysis. In addition to this, the wind noise is nearly impossible to remove from the sound levels and audio recordings. In this thesis it was also found out that the wind born disturbance noises in the microphones are impulsive and significance of these impulses would cause a sanction to the final sound level results. Audio recording from the immission measurement with the secondary windscreen contained only few impulses that would cause a sanction but none of the impulses were caused by the wind turbine. In the other two measurements the high amount of impulses that cause sanction, originate from the wind born disturbance noises in the microphones. As a conclusion, secondary windscreen works well and it will be used in upcoming wind turbine noise measurements of the WSP Finland Ltd. As a target for development, the performance of the windscreen in snowy and low temperature conditions should be researched. Also, it could be usable information to find out what are the air flow speeds when the secondary windscreen is no more protecting the microphone from the wind distortions in sound levels or audio recordings

Returning fashion items has never been easier : A qualitative multiple case study regarding the challenge of designing a return policy that benefits the consumer, the corporation and the environment

An escalating concern about the environment amongst the general population, businesses trying to make their way forward on the hunt for market shares and profitability, and customers that nowadays are used to extreme flexibility in their purchase and return process due to the immense growth of e-commerce. These observations can all be considered facts, but do they correlate with each other when a customer tries on a pair of pants and decides to return them to the retailer? The purpose and reason for why this thesis was conducted was to gain an understanding of how fashion e-tailers in Sweden balance the needs of consumers, company finances and environmental concerns when designing their return policy. The thesis was conducted as a multiple case study, using a qualitative research method where the primary data was collected from six in-depth semi-structured interviews with practitioners within the field, representing e-tailers in the fashion industry. The findings obtained from the interviews were put in context, analysed, discussed and compared with literature from previous research using a thematic analysis approach. The authors can conclude that balance in the return policy is difficult to achieve. Various avoidance techniques are being used in order to maintain balance, and customer satisfaction is seen as a vital part of the return process. Sustainability is difficult to define and the participants interpreted the phrase in various ways. It was therefore complicated to analyse the environmental impact from product returns. Basically, it is difficult to know what the most sustainable initiatives are, and even though our participants take some environmental initiatives, there is room for improvement. The research provides valuable managerial implications from a new perspective that the researchers believe is more comprehensive, and gives suggestions for future research within the field of study.

Returning fashion items has never been easier : A qualitative multiple case study regarding the challenge of designing a return policy that benefits the consumer, the corporation and the environment

An escalating concern about the environment amongst the general population, businesses trying to make their way forward on the hunt for market shares and profitability, and customers that nowadays are used to extreme flexibility in their purchase and return process due to the immense growth of e-commerce. These observations can all be considered facts, but do they correlate with each other when a customer tries on a pair of pants and decides to return them to the retailer? The purpose and reason for why this thesis was conducted was to gain an understanding of how fashion e-tailers in Sweden balance the needs of consumers, company finances and environmental concerns when designing their return policy. The thesis was conducted as a multiple case study, using a qualitative research method where the primary data was collected from six in-depth semi-structured interviews with practitioners within the field, representing e-tailers in the fashion industry. The findings obtained from the interviews were put in context, analysed, discussed and compared with literature from previous research using a thematic analysis approach. The authors can conclude that balance in the return policy is difficult to achieve. Various avoidance techniques are being used in order to maintain balance, and customer satisfaction is seen as a vital part of the return process. Sustainability is difficult to define and the participants interpreted the phrase in various ways. It was therefore complicated to analyse the environmental impact from product returns. Basically, it is difficult to know what the most sustainable initiatives are, and even though our participants take some environmental initiatives, there is room for improvement. The research provides valuable managerial implications from a new perspective that the researchers believe is more comprehensive, and gives suggestions for future research within the field of study.

Static Structural Analysis of Hydrofoil Struts

I kursen TMMT06, Maskinteknik – projektkurs, genomförs ett obligatoriskt projekt. Projektet utförs som kandidatexamensjobb i studentpar och delas i detta fall av tre kandidatpar. Det projekt som detta kandidaterbete ingår i behandlar dimensionering av bärplan och deras prestanda. Kandidatarbetet är riktat mot en hållfasthetsanalys av bärplansstag för statiska fall under inverkan av genererad lyftkraft och strömningsmotstånd. Syftet med kandidatarbetet är att skapa ett konstruktionsunderlag till det projekt som delas av kandidatparen. Målet med kandidatarbetet är att genom en hållfasthetsanalys ta fram vägledande underlag för dimensionering av bärplansstagens monteringsvinklar och storlek. Med hjälp av vedertagna ekvationer för lyftkraft och strömningsmotstånd och bärplansdata analyseras de krafter och spänningar som är dimensionerande vid utformning av stagets tvärsnittsprofil och monteringsvinklar. Två strömlinjeformade homogena stag med tjockleken 15 mm och bredden 100 mm monterat på ett bärplan med profilen Eppler 818 studeras i ett statiskt fall utan dimensionering för oväntade händelser såsom kollision. För hastigheter som är rimliga för en båt kan det konstateras att det aldrig uppstår fara för knäckning. Spänningen för dessa hastigheter blir inte heller tillräckligt hög för att orsaka plastisk deformation, men säkerhetsfaktorn blir relativt liten. Risken för knäckning ökar aldrig oavsett val av monteringsvinklar och upphör helt för angreppsvinklar som är mindre än −4°. Risk för plastisk deformation ökar däremot markant om konstruktionen ges monteringsvinklar som inte är vinkelräta mot horisontalplanet. För större stagprofiler kan konstruktionen ges något större vinklar, men att vinkla stagen bör om möjligt undvikas. Analysen visar också att båten inte bör stampa mer än 6° vid höga hastigheter för att undvika för stora spänningar. De största dimensionerande spänningarna i staget uppträder i infästningspunkterna mellan skrov respektive bärplan. För att i övrigt minimera stagtvärsnittets tjocklek, och därmed minska strömningsmotståndet kan staget lokalt göras tjockare i dessa punkter. Analysen visar även att endast en liten ökning av stagtvärsnittets dimensioner får ett stort positivt genomslag i säkerhet mot knäckning och deformation. Fler bärplansprofiler än Eppler 818 studeras inte, men resultaten ger en god vägledning till konstruktion av bärplansstag med avseende på hållfasthet.In the course TMMT06, Mechanical engineering – project course, a mandatory project is carried out in a group, while a bachelor’s degree work is, in unison, carried out in pairs. The project, which in this case is shared by three pairs, aim to investigate the dimensioning of hydrofoils and their performance. This document is part of one of those bachelor’s degree works, and is focused on a static structural analysis of hydrofoil support struts under the influence of lift and drag forces. The goal with this work is to create a construction foundation to be used in the shared project. The aim of the work is to find guidelines for the selection of strut and hydrofoil assembly angles, as well as strut dimensions, depending on the size and shape of the hydrofoil. With the use of generally established equations for lift and drag forces, and data for hydrofoils the forces and stresses crucial to the dimensioning of the strut cross-section and assembly angles are analyzed. Two streamlined struts, thickness 15 mm and width 100 mm, with the hydrofoil section design Eppler 818 mounted, are studied in a static structural case without dimensioning for unexpected events, such as collisions. Within the span of velocities that are probable for a boat it was found that there never occurs any danger of buckling. Within the same span, plastic deformation does not occur either, although the stress is high enough that the safety margin is relatively small. The danger of buckling does not increase as the assembly angles are changed from a perpendicular position, and buckling ceases to be a factor for angles of attack lower than −4°. The stresses and the risk for plastic deformation, however, can increase as the assembly angles deviate from perpendicularity. By making the struts bigger, the construction will be able to use more demanding assembly angles, but to have anything but perpendicular struts is to be avoided. The analysis also shows that the boat should not be allowed to pitch more than 6° at high speeds to avoid large stresses in the struts. The largest dimensioning stress in a strut acts at the connection point with the hull or with the hydrofoil. In order to minimize the total thickness of the strut, and thus lowering the drag, it can be made thicker at the connection points while keeping it thin otherwise. The analysis also shows that an increase in strut cross-section area will give large positive outcomes in terms of safety margins against buckling and deformation. Eppler 818 was the only hydrofoil studied during the analysis, but the results provide good guidelines for construction of support struts in regards of strength

DrAST: an inspection tool for attributed syntax trees (tool demo)

When implementing a language by means of attribute grammars, it is often useful to study example programs and their attributed trees, to understand the compiler structure, or for debugging. DrAST is a tool that allows interactive inspection of attributed trees. It is interfaced to the JastAdd metacompiler, and supports all JastAdd attribution mechanisms, such as demand evaluation, reference attributes (graph edges), and nonterminal attributes. A challenge in visualizing attributed trees is that they are large, even for small programs. To allow the user to focus on the aspects of interest, DrAST supports the interactive definition of filtered versions of the tree through a domain-specific language which allows conditional filtering based on the attributes themselves. We have used DrAST on a variety of language implementations, from tiny compilers used in teaching to a complete Java compiler